It's All In Your Body References
The debut non-fiction mind body road map, "It's All In Your Body" by Dr Sula Windgassen has over 350 contemporary references. Many of these references are systematic reviews and meta-analyses, which constitute the highest quality research. Most of the references are primary research sources rather than grey literature. You can find these references chapter by chapter below, or download a pdf.
Introduction: All in your head or all in your body
1 Everitt, H., Landau, S., O’Reilly, G., Sibelli, A., Hughes, S., Windgassen, S., . . . & Moss- Morris, R. (2019). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): 24 month follow-up of ACTIB trial participants. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 4(11), 863–72.
2 Sweeney, L., Windgassen, S., Artom, M., Norton, C., Fawson, S., & Moss-Morris, R. (2022). A novel digital self-management intervention for symptoms of fatigue, pain, and urgency in inflammatory bowel disease: describing the process of development. JMIR Formative Research, 6(5), e33001.
3 Bogosian, A., Chadwick, P., Windgassen, S., Norton, S., McCrone, P., Mosweu, I., ... & Moss-Morris, R. (2015). Distress improves after mindfulness training for progressive MS: A pilot randomised trial. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 21(9), 1184–1194.
4 Moos, R. H., & Schaefer, J. A. (1986). Life transitions and crises: A conceptual overview. Coping with life crises: An integrated approach, 3–28.
5 Cornwell, B. R., Garrido, M. I., Overstreet, C., Pine, D. S., & Grillon, C. (2017). The unpredictive brain under threat: a neurocomputational account of anxious hypervigilance. Biological psychiatry, 82(6), 447–54.
6 Woody, E. Z., & Szechtman, H. (2011). Adaptation to potential threat: the evolution, neurobiology, and psychopathology of the security motivation system. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(4), 1019–33.
7 Santamaría-García, H., Migeot, J., Medel, V., Hazelton, J. L., Teckentrup, V., Romero- Ortuno, R., . . . & Ibanez, A. (2024). Allostatic interoceptive overload across psychiatric and neurological conditions. Biological Psychiatry.
8 Rousseau, P. F., El Khoury-Malhame, M., Reynaud, E., Zendjidjian, X., Samuelian, J. C., Khalfa, S. Neurobiological correlates of EMDR therapy effect in PTSD, European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 10.1016/j.ejtd.2018.07.001.
9 Johnstone, L., & Boyle, M. (2018). The power threat meaning framework: An alternative
nondiagnostic conceptual system. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 0022167818793289.
10 Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018). Why social relationships are important for physical health: A systems approach to understanding and modifying risk and protection. Annual review of psychology, 69(1), 437–58.
11 Marmot, M. G., Bosma, H., Hemingway, H., Brunner, E., & Stansfeld, S. (1997). Contribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence. The Lancet, 350(9073), 235–39.
12 McEwen, C. A., & McEwen, B. S. (2017). Social structure, adversity, toxic stress, and intergenerational poverty: An early childhood model. Annual Review of Sociology, 43(1), 445–72.
13 Brosnan, S. F., & De Waal, F. B. (2014). Evolution of responses to (un) fairness. Science, 346(6207), 1251776.
Rousseau, P. F., El Khoury-Malhame, M., Reynaud, E., Zendjidjian, X., Samuelian, J. C.,Khalfa European Journal of
Trauma & Dissociation
14 Jackson, B., Kubzansky, L. D., & Wright, R. J. (2006). Linking perceived unfairness to physical health: The perceived unfairness model. Review of General Psychology, 10(1), 21– 40.
15 Enge, S., Mothes, H., Fleischhauer, M., Reif, A., & Strobel, A. (2017). Genetic variation of dopamine and serotonin function modulates the feedback-related negativity during altruistic punishment. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 2996.
16 Muscatell, K. A., Dedovic, K., Slavich, G. M., Jarcho, M. R., Breen, E. C., Bower, J. E., . . . & Eisenberger, N. I. (2016). Neural mechanisms linking social status and inflammatory responses to social stress. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 11(6), 915–22.
17 Zilioli, S., Slatcher, R. B., Ong, A. D., & Gruenewald, T. L. (2015). Purpose in life predicts allostatic load ten years later. Journal of psychosomatic research, 79(5), 451–7.
18 Gilbert, P. (2024). Threat, safety, safeness and social safeness 30 years on: Fundamental dimensions and distinctions for mental health and well‐being. British journal of clinical psychology, 63(3), 453–71.
19 Engel, G. L. (1979). The biopsychosocial model and the education of health professionals. General hospital psychiatry, 1(2), 156–65.
20 Burbidge, B. (2017). Traditional healers of Central Australia: ngangkari. Australian Aboriginal Studies, 2017(1), 117–20.
21 Souza, C. M., Martins, J., Libardoni, T. D. C., & de Oliveira, A. S. (2020). Self‐efficacy in patients with chronic musculoskeletal conditions discharged from physical therapy service: A cross‐sectional study. Musculoskeletal Care, 18(3), 365–71.
22 White, L. L., Cohen, M. Z., Berger, A. M., Kupzyk, K. A., & Bierman, P. J. (2019, January). Self-Efficacy for Management of Symptoms and Symptom Distress in Adults With Cancer: An Integrative Review. In Oncology nursing forum (Vol. 46, No. 1).
23 Degerstedt, Å., Alinaghizadeh, H., Thorstensson, C. A., & Olsson, C. B. (2020). High self- efficacy – a predictor of reduced pain and higher levels of physical activity among patients with osteoarthritis: an observational study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 21, 1–13.
24 Tabaei-Aghdaei, Z., McColl-Kennedy, J. R., & Coote, L. V. (2023). Goal setting and health-related outcomes in chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature from 2000 to 2020. Medical Care Research and Review, 80(2), 145–64.
25 Burke, A., Shanahan, C., & Herlambang, E. (2014). An exploratory study comparing goal- oriented mental imagery with daily to-do lists: Supporting college student success. Current Psychology, 33, 20–34.
26 Blankert, T., & Hamstra, M. R. (2017). Imagining success: Multiple achievement goals and the effectiveness of imagery. Basic and applied social psychology, 39(1), 60–7.
27 Slimani, M., Tod, D., Chaabene, H., Miarka, B., & Chamari, K. (2016). Effects of mental imagery on muscular strength in healthy and patient participants: A systematic review. Journal of sports science & medicine, 15(3), 434.
28 Michaelsen, M. M., & Esch, T. (2023). Understanding health behavior change by motivation and reward mechanisms: a review of the literature. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 17, 1151918.
29 Dixon, L. J., Hornsey, M. J., & Hartley, N. (2025). ‘The Secret’ to Success? The Psychology of Belief in Manifestation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 51(1), 49–65.
30 Oettingen, G., & Mayer, D. (2002). The motivating function of thinking about the future: expectations versus fantasies. Journal of personality and social psychology, 83(5), 1198.
Chapter 1: Befriending your biology
1 Agorastos, A., & Chrousos, G. P. (2022). The neuroendocrinology of stress: the stress-related continuum of chronic disease development. Molecular Psychiatry, 27(1), 502–13.
2 Liu, J. J., Vickers, K., Reed, M., & Hadad, M. (2017). Re-conceptualizing stress: Shifting views on the consequences of stress and its effects on stress reactivity. PloS one, 12(3), e0173188.
3 Crum, A. J., Akinola, M., Martin, A., & Fath, S. (2017). The role of stress mindset in shaping cognitive, emotional, and physiological responses to challenging and threatening stress. Anxiety, stress, & coping, 30(4), 379–95.
4 Keech, J. J., Cole, K. L., Hagger, M. S., & Hamilton, K. (2020). The association between stress mindset and physical and psychological wellbeing: Testing a stress beliefs model in police officers. Psychology & Health, 35(11), 1306–25.
5 Siciliano, R. E., Anderson, A. S., & Compas, B. E. (2022). Autonomic nervous system correlates of posttraumatic stress symptoms in youth: meta-analysis and qualitative review. Clinical psychology review, 92, 102125.
6 Bourke, J. H., Langford, R. M., & White, P. D. (2015). The common link between functional somatic syndromes may be central sensitization. Journal of psychosomatic research, 78(3), 228–36.
7 den Boer, C., Dries, L., Terluin, B., van der Wouden, J. C., Blankenstein, A. H., Van Wilgen, C. P., . . . & van der Horst, H. E. (2019). Central sensitization in chronic pain and medically unexplained symptom research: a systematic review of definitions, operationalizations and measurement instruments. Journal of psychosomatic research, 117, 32–40.
8 McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York academy of sciences, 840(1), 33–-44.
9 Gilbert, P. (2024). ‘Threat, safety, safeness and social safeness 30 years on: Fundamental dimensions and distinctions for mental health and well‐being’. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(3), 453–71.
10 McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York academy of sciences, 840(1), 33–44.
11 Lanius, R. A., Bluhm, R. L., & Frewen, P. A. (2011). How understanding the neurobiology of complex post‐traumatic stress disorder can inform clinical practice: A social cognitive and affective neuroscience approach. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124(5), 331–48.
12 Liberzon, I., & Abelson, J. L. (2016). Context processing and the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuron, 92(1), 14–30.
13 Danese, A., & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiology & behavior, 106(1), 29–39.
14 Tronson, N. C., Corcoran, K. A., Jovasevic, V., & Radulovic, J. (2012). Fear conditioning and extinction: emotional states encoded by distinct signaling pathways. Trends in neurosciences, 35(3), 145–55.
15 Dich, N., Doan, S. N., Kivimäki, M., Kumari, M., & Rod, N. H. (2014). A non-linear association between self-reported negative emotional response to stress and subsequent allostatic load: Prospective results from the Whitehall II cohort study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 49, 54–61.
16 Larrabee Sonderlund, A., Thilsing, T., & Sondergaard, J. (2019). Should social disconnectedness be included in primary-care screening for cardiometabolic disease? A systematic review of the relationship between everyday stress, social connectedness, and allostatic load. PLoS one, 14(12), e0226717.
17 Quadt, L., Esposito, G., Critchley, H. D., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2020). Brain-body interactions underlying the association of loneliness with mental and physical health. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 116, 283–300.
18 Demerouti, E., Le Blanc, P. M., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., & Hox, J. (2009). Present but sick: a three‐wave study on job demands, presenteeism and burnout. Career Development International, 14(1), 50–68.
19 Hou, R., Moss-Morris, R., Peveler, R., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., & Belli, A. (2012). When a minor head injury results in enduring symptoms: a prospective investigation of risk factors for postconcussional syndrome after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 83(2), 217–23.
20 Spence, M. J., & Moss-Morris, R. (2007). The cognitive behavioural model of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective investigation of patients with gastroenteritis. Gut, 56(8), 1066–-1071.
21 Chalder, T., & Willis, C. (2017). Medically unexplained symptoms. In Cambridge handbook of psychology, health and medicine. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
22 Santamaría-García, H., Migeot, J., Medel, V., Hazelton, J. L., Teckentrup, V., Romero-Ortuno, R., . . . & Ibanez, A. (2024). Allostatic interoceptive overload across psychiatric and neurological conditions. Biological Psychiatry, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 28–40, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.06.024.
23 Locatelli, G., Matus, A., James, R., Salmoirago-Blotcher, E., Ausili, D., Vellone, E., & Riegel, B. (2023). What is the role of interoception in the symptom experience of people with a chronic condition? A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 148, 105142.
24 Moseley G, Butler D. The Explain Pain Handbook: Protectometer. Adelaide, Australia: Noigroup publications, 2015
Chapter 2: Mind–body interactions
1 Ng, T. H., Alloy, L. B., & Smith, D. V. (2019). Meta-analysis of reward processing in major depressive disorder reveals distinct abnormalities within the reward circuit. Translational psychiatry, 9(1), 293
2 Nagy, G. A., Cernasov, P., Pisoni, A., Walsh, E., Dichter, G. S., & Smoski, M. J. (2020). Reward network modulation as a mechanism of change in behavioral activation. Behavior modification, 44(2), 186–213.
3 Kaiser, R. H., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Wager, T. D., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2015). Large-scale network dysfunction in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity. JAMA psychiatry, 72(6), 603–11.
4 Madonna, D., Delvecchio, G., Soares, J. C., & Brambilla, P. (2019). Structural and functional neuroimaging studies in generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 336–62.
5 Vinkers, C. H., Kuzminskaite, E., Lamers, F., Giltay, E. J., & Penninx, B. W. (2021). An integrated approach to understand biological stress system dysregulation across depressive and anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 283, 139–46.
6 Knudsen, L., Petersen, G. L., Nørskov, K. N., Vase, L., Finnerup, N., Jensen, T. S., & Svensson, P. (2011). Review of neuroimaging studies related to pain modulation. Scandinavian journal of pain, 2(3), 108–20.
7 Eisenberger, N. I. (2012). The pain of social disconnection: examining the shared neural underpinnings of physical and social pain. Nature reviews neuroscience, 13(6), 421–34.
8 Rainville, P., Bao, Q. V. H., & Chrétien, P. (2005). Pain-related emotions modulate experimental pain perception and autonomic responses. Pain, 118(3), 306–18.
9 Hsu, M. C., Schubiner, H., Lumley, M. A., Stracks, J. S., Clauw, D. J., & Williams, D. A. (2010). Sustained pain reduction through affective self-awareness in fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25, 1064–70.
10 McCarberg, B., & Peppin, J. (2019). Pain pathways and nervous system plasticity: learning and memory in pain. Pain Medicine, 20(12), 2421–37.
11 Lumley, M. A., Cohen, J. L., Borszcz, G. S., Cano, A., Radcliffe, A. M., Porter, L. S., . . . & Keefe, F. J. (2011). Pain and emotion: a biopsychosocial review of recent research. Journal of clinical psychology, 67(9), 942–68.
12 Kucyi, A., Moayedi, M., Weissman-Fogel, I., Goldberg, M. B., Freeman, B. V., Tenenbaum, H. C., & Davis, K. D. (2014). Enhanced medial prefrontal-default mode network functional connectivity in chronic pain and its association with pain rumination. Journal of Neuroscience, 34(11), 3969–75.
13 Campos, F., Sobrino, T., Perez-Mato, M., Rodriguez-Osorio, X., Leira, R., Blanco, M., . . . & Castillo, J. (2013). Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase: a new key in the dysregulation of glutamate in migraine patients. Cephalalgia, 33(14), 1148–54.
14 Simon, E. B., Vallat, R., Barnes, C. M., & Walker, M. P. (2020). Sleep loss and the socio-emotional brain. Trends in cognitive sciences, 24(6), 435–50.
15 Tomaso, C. C., Johnson, A. B., & Nelson, T. D. (2021). The effect of sleep deprivation and restriction on mood, emotion, and emotion regulation: three meta-analyses in one. Sleep, 44(6), 289.
16 Grèzes, J., Erblang, M., Vilarem, E., Quiquempoix, M., Van Beers, P., Guillard, M., Sauvet, F., Mennella, R., Rabat, A., Impact of total sleep deprivation and related mood changes on approach-avoidance decisions to threat-related facial displays. Sleep, Volume 44, Issue 12, December 2021, zsab186, https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab186
17 Porkka-Heiskanen, T. (2013). Sleep homeostasis. Current opinion in neurobiology, 23(5), 799–805.
18 Baraniuk, J. N., Amar, A., Pepermitwala, H., & Washington, S. D. (2022). Differential effects of exercise on fMRI of the midbrain ascending arousal network nuclei in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and gulf war illness (GWI) in a model of postexertional malaise (PEM). Brain Sciences, 12(1), 78.
19 van der Schaaf, M. E., Roelofs, K., de Lange, F. P., Geurts, D. E., van der Meer, J. W., Knoop, H., & Toni, I. (2018). Fatigue is associated with altered monitoring and preparation of physical effort in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 3(4), 392–404.
20 Ibid.
21 Tate, W., Walker, M., Sweetman, E., Helliwell, A., Peppercorn, K., Edgar, C., . . . & Chatterjee, A. (2022). Molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation in ME/CFS and long COVID to sustain disease and promote relapses. Frontiers in Neurology, 13, 877772.
22 Boutin, T., Bretherick, A. D., Dibble, J. J., Ewaoluwagbemiga, E., Northwood, E., Samms, G. L., ... & Ponting, C. P. (2025). Initial findings from the DecodeME genome-wide association study of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. medRxiv, 2025-08
23 Tate, W., Walker, M., Sweetman, E., Helliwell, A., Peppercorn, K., Edgar, C., ... & Chatterjee, A. (2022). Molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation in ME/CFS and long COVID to sustain disease and promote relapses. Frontiers in Neurology, 13, 877772.
24 Nelson, M. J., Bahl, J. S., Buckley, J. D., Thomson, R. L., & Davison, K. (2019). Evidence of altered cardiac autonomic regulation in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 98(43), e17600.
25 Lee, J. S., Sato, W., & Son, C. G. (2024). Brain-regional characteristics and neuroinflammation in ME/CFS patients from neuroimaging: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmunity Reviews, 23(2), 103484.
26 Galetto, V., & Sacco, K. (2017). Neuroplastic changes induced by cognitive rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury: a review. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 31(9), 800–13.
27 Craik, F. I. (2014). Effects of distraction on memory and cognition: a commentary. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 841.
28 Shields, G. S., Sazma, M. A., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2016). The effects of acute stress on core executive functions: A meta-analysis and comparison with cortisol. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 651–68.
29 Shields, G. S., Sazma, M. A., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2016). The effects of acute stress on core executive functions: A meta-analysis and comparison with cortisol. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 651-668.
30 Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. et al., Slowing of wound healing by psychological stress. The Lancet, Volume 346, Issue 8984, 1194–96
31 Vollmer-Conna, U. A., Fazou, C., Cameron, B., Li, H., Brennan, C., Luck, L., . . . & Lloyd, A. (2004). Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines correlates with the symptoms of acute sickness behaviour in humans. Psychological medicine, 34(7), 1289–97.
32 Ke, S., Guimond, A. J., Tworoger, S. S., Huang, T., Chan, A. T., Liu, Y. Y., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2023). Gut feelings: associations of emotions and emotion regulation with the gut microbiome in women. Psychological medicine, 53(15), 7151–60.
33 Feng, B., La, J. H., Schwartz, E. S., & Gebhart, G. F. (2012). Neural and neuro-immune mechanisms of visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 302(10), G1085–98.
34 Zhou, Q., & Verne, G. N. (2011). New insights into visceral hypersensitivity – clinical implications in IBS. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 8(6), 349–55.
35 Foster, P., Luebke, M., Razzak, A. N., Anderson, D. J., Hasoon, J., Viswanath, O., . . . & Urits, I. (2023). Stigmatization as a barrier to urologic care: a review. Health Psychology Research, 11, 84273.
36 Nappi, R. E., & Palacios, S. (2014). Impact of vulvovaginal atrophy on sexual health and quality of life at postmenopause. Climacteric, 17(1), 3–9.
37 Brodsky, C. N., Sitto, H. M., Wittmann, D., Wallner, L. P., Streur, C., DeJonckheere, M., . . . & Ippolito, G. M. (2024). ‘There is a lot of shame that comes with this’: A qualitative study of patient experiences of isolation, embarrassment, and stigma associated with overactive bladder. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 43(8), 1817–25.
38 Boring, B., & Mathur, V. A. (2023). Daily Fluctuations In Feelings Of State Shame Are Associated With Greater Daily Pain Severity And Interference. The Journal of Pain, 24(4), 91–2.
39 Azim, K. A., Happel-Parkins, A., Moses, A., & Haardoerfer, R. (2021). Exploring relationships between genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder, sex guilt, and religiosity among college women in the US. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 18(4), 770–82.
40 Freed, S., & D’Andrea, W. (2015). Autonomic arousal and emotion in victims of interpersonal violence: Shame proneness but not anxiety predicts vagal tone. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 16(4), 367–83.
41 Edwards, S. D. (2019). Discussion of HeartMath Techniques for the Transformation of Shame Experiences. In The Bright Side of Shame: Transforming and Growing Through Practical Applications in Cultural Contexts (pp. 533–45). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
42 Kowalik, C. G., Cohn, J. A., Kaufman, M. R., Stuart Reynolds, W., Dmochowski, R. R., & Milam, D. F. (2017). Impact of autonomic dysfunction on lower urinary tract symptoms. Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports, 12, 273–9.
43 Grundy, L., Caldwell, A., & Brierley, S. M. (2018). Mechanisms underlying overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Frontiers in neuroscience, 12, 931.
44 Tsiapakidou, S., Apostolidis, A., Pantazis, K., Grimbizis, G. F., & Mikos, T. (2021). The use of urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis of overactive bladder in female patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Urogynecology Journal, 32(12), 3143–55.
45 Cruz, C. D., Neurotrophins in bladder function: what do we know and where do we go from here? Neurourol Urodyn, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 39–45, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1002/nau.22438.
46 Wróbel, M., Wielgoś, M., & Laudański, P. (2022). Diagnostic delay of endometriosis in adults and adolescence – current stage of knowledge. Advances in Medical Sciences, 67(1), 148–53.
47 Yılmazer, E. (2024). Hormonal Underpinnings of Emotional Regulation: Bridging Endocrinology and Psychology. The Journal of Neurobehavioral Sciences, 11(2), 60–75.
48 Pope, C. J., Oinonen, K., Mazmanian, D., & Stone, S. (2017). The hormonal sensitivity hypothesis: a review and new findings. Medical hypotheses, 102, 69–77.
49 Crandall, C. J., Mehta, J. M., & Manson, J. E. (2023). Management of menopausal symptoms: a review. Jama, 329(5), 405–20.
50 Evans, S., Dowding, C., Olive, L., Payne, L. A., Druitt, M., Seidman, L. C., . . . & Mikocka-Walus, A. (2022). Pain catastrophizing, but not mental health or social support, is associated with menstrual pain severity in women with dysmenorrhea: a cross-sectional survey. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 27(6), 1410–20.
51 Alonso, C., & Coe, C. L. (2001). Disruptions of social relationships accentuate the association between emotional distress and menstrual pain in young women. Health Psychology, 20(6), 411.
52 Jaleel, G., Shaphe, M. A., Khan, A. R., Malhotra, D., Khan, H., Parveen, S., . . . & Ahmad, M. F. (2022). Effect of exercises on central and endocrine system for pain modulation in primary dysmenorrhea. Journal of lifestyle medicine, 12(1), 15.
53 Köteles, F., & Witthöft, M. (2017). Somatosensory amplification – An old construct from a new perspective. Journal of psychosomatic research, 101, 1–9.
54 Biazus Soares, G., Mahmoud, O., Yosipovitch, G., & Mochizuki, H. (2024). The mind–skin connection: A narrative review exploring the link between inflammatory skin diseases and psychological stress. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 38(5), 821–34.
55 Clarke, E. N., Norman, P., & Thompson, A. R. (2022). How does self-compassion help people adjust to chronic skin conditions? A template analysis study. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, 974816.
Chapter 3: Interrupting symptom spirals
[1] Wallace, M. T., Woynaroski, T. G., & Stevenson, R. A. (2020). Multisensory integration as a window into orderly and disrupted cognition and communication. Annual Review of Psychology, 71(1), 193–219.
2 Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, 427–40.
3 Beugen, S. V., Ferwerda, M., Hoeve, D., Rovers, M., Spillekom-van Koulil, S., Middendorp, H. V., & Evers, A. W. M. (2014). A meta-analytic review of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for patients with chronic somatic conditions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(3), e88.
4 Liu, J., Gill, N. S., Teodorczuk, A., Li, Z. J., & Sun, J. (2019). The efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy in somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 98–112
5 Everitt, H., Landau, S., O’Reilly, G., Sibelli, A., Hughes, S., Windgassen, S., . . . & Moss-Morris, R. (2019). Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): 24 month follow-up of ACTIB trial participants. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 4(11), 863–72.
6 van den Akker, L. E., Beckerman, H., Collette, E. H., Eijssen, I. C. J. M., Dekker, J., & de Groot, V. (2016). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 90, 33–42.
7 Maas genannt Bermpohl, F., Kucharczyk-Bodenburg, A. C., & Martin, A. (2024). Efficacy and acceptance of cognitive behavioral therapy in adults with chronic fatigue syndrome: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1–16.
8 Seaton, N., Hudson, J., Harding, S., Norton, S., Mondelli, V., Jones, A. S., & Moss-Morris, R. (2024). Do interventions for mood improve inflammatory biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease?: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EBioMedicine, 100.
9 Beck, A. T., & Haigh, E. A. (2014). Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: The generic cognitive model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 1–24.
10 Sharpe, L., Todd, J., Scott, A., Gatzounis, R., Menzies, R. E., & Meulders, A. (2022). Safety behaviours or safety precautions? The role of subtle avoidance in anxiety disorders in the context of chronic physical illness. Clinical Psychology Review, 92, 102126.
11 Windgassen, S., Moss-Morris, R., Goldsmith, K., & Chalder, T. (2019). Key mechanisms of cognitive behavioural therapy in irritable bowel syndrome: The importance of gastrointestinal related cognitions, behaviours and general anxiety. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 118, 73–82.
12 Schlund, M. W., Brewer, A. T., Magee, S. K., Richman, D. M., Solomon, S., Ludlum, M., & Dymond, S. (2016). The tipping point: Value differences and parallel dorsal–ventral frontal circuits gating human approach–avoidance behavior. Neuroimage, 136, 94–105.
13 Cornwell, B. R., Garrido, M. I., Overstreet, C., Pine, D. S. and Grillon, C. The Unpredictive Brain Under Threat: A Neurocomputational Account of Anxious Hypervigilance, Biological Psychiatry, vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 447–454, Sept. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.031.
14 Woody, E.Z., Szechtman, H., Adaptation to potential threat: The evolution, neurobiology, and psychopathology of the security motivation system. Neuroscience & Biobehavioural Reviews, ScienceDirect.com. Accessed Feb 08 2025.
15 Mobbs, D., Hagan, C. C., Dalgleish, T., Silston, B., & Prévost, C. (2015). The ecology of human fear: survival optimization and the nervous system. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 9, 121062.
16 Sharpe, L., Todd, J., Scott, A., Gatzounis, R., Menzies, R. E., & Meulders, A. (2022). Safety behaviours or safety precautions? The role of subtle avoidance in anxiety disorders in the context of chronic physical illness. Clinical Psychology Review, 92, 102126.
17 Ford, B. Q., Lam, P., John, O. P., & Mauss, I. B. (2018). The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,115(6), 1075.
18 Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006). Effects of suppression and acceptance on emotional responses of individuals with anxiety and mood disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(9), 1251–63.
19 Nummenmaa, L., Hari, R., Hietanen, J. K., & Glerean, E. (2018). Maps of subjective feelings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(37), 9198–203.
20 Greenwood, B. M., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2025). Interoceptive mechanisms and emotional processing. Annual Review of Psychology, 76.
21 Barrett, L. F. (2017). The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization. Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(1), 1–23.
22 Ford, B. Q., Lam, P., John, O. P., & Mauss, I. B. (2018). The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: Laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(6), 1075.
23 Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006). Effects of suppression and acceptance on emotional responses of individuals with anxiety and mood disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(9), 1251–63.
24 Messina, I., Sambin, M., Beschoner, P., & Viviani, R. (2016). Changing views of emotion regulation and neurobiological models of the mechanism of action of psychotherapy. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 16, 571–87.
25 Lopez, R. B., Denny, B. T., & Fagundes, C. P. (2018). Neural mechanisms of emotion regulation and their role in endocrine and immune functioning: a review with implications for treatment of affective disorders. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 95, 508–14.
26 Ke, S., et al., Gut feelings: associations of emotions and emotion regulation with the gut microbiome in women, Psychol Med, vol. 53, no. 15, pp. 7151–7160, doi: 10.1017/S0033291723000612.
27 Tseng, J., & Poppenk, J. (2020). Brain meta-state transitions demarcate thoughts across task contexts exposing the mental noise of trait neuroticism. Nature Communications, 11(1), 3480.
28 Abramowitz, J. S., Tolin, D. F., & Street, G. P. (2001). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression: A meta-analysis of controlled studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(5), 683–703.
29 Purdon, C., & Clark, D. A. (1993). Obsessive intrusive thoughts in nonclinical subjects. Part I. Content and relation with depressive, anxious and obsessional symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31(8), 713–20.
Chapter 4: Biology balancing behaviour
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7 Borbély, A. (2022). The two‐process model of sleep regulation: Beginnings and outlook. Journal of Sleep Research, 31(4), e13598.
8 Dement, W. C. (2005). Sleep extension: getting as much extra sleep as possible. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 24(2), 251–68.
9 Zhou, J., Liu, D., Li, X., Ma, J., Zhang, J., & Fang, J. (2012). Pink noise: effect on complexity synchronization of brain activity and sleep consolidation. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 306, 68–72.
10 Vitale, J. A., Roveda, E., Montaruli, A., Galasso, L., Weydahl, A., Caumo, A., & Carandente, F. (2015). Chronotype influences activity circadian rhythm and sleep: differences in sleep quality between weekdays and weekend. Chronobiology international, 32(3), 405–15.
11 Paolucci, T., de Sire, A., Agostini, F., Bernetti, A., Salomè, A., Altieri, M., . . . & Paoloni, M. (2022). Efficacy of interoceptive and embodied rehabilitative training protocol in patients with mild multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Neurology, 13, 1095180.
12 Kiken, L. G., Shook, N. J., Robins, J. L., & Clore, J. N. (2018). Association between mindfulness and interoceptive accuracy in patients with diabetes: Preliminary evidence from blood glucose estimates. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 36, 90–92.
13 Serrada, I., Fryer, C., Hordacre, B., & Hillier, S. (2022). Can body awareness training improve recovery following stroke: A study to assess feasibility and preliminary efficacy. Clinical Rehabilitation, 36(5), 650–9.
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15 Gnall, K. E., Sinnott, S. M., Laumann, L. E., Park, C. L., David, A., & Emrich, M. (2024). Changes in interoception in mind–body therapies for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1–15.
16 Casson, S., Jones, M. D., Cassar, J., Kwai, N., Lloyd, A. R., Barry, B. K., & Sandler, C. X. (2023). The effectiveness of activity pacing interventions for people with chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Disability and Rehabilitation, 45(23), 3788–802.
17 Nogueira, M., Magalhães, J. D. S., Sampaio, A., Sousa, S., & Coutinho, J. F. (2025). Examining Insula–Default Mode Network Functional Connectivity and Its Relationship with Heart Rate Variability. Brain Sciences, 15(1), 37.
18 Nagy, G. A., Cernasov, P., Pisoni, A., Walsh, E., Dichter, G. S., & Smoski, M. J. (2020). Reward network modulation as a mechanism of change in behavioral activation. Behavior Modification, 44(2), 186–213.
19 Carl, H., Walsh, E., Eisenlohr-Moul, T., Minkel, J., Crowther, A., Moore, T., . . . & Smoski, M. J. (2016). Sustained anterior cingulate cortex activation during reward processing predicts response to psychotherapy in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 204–12.
20 Ibid.
21 Nagy, G. A., Cernasov, P., Pisoni, A., Walsh, E., Dichter, G. S., & Smoski, M. J. (2020). Reward network modulation as a mechanism of change in behavioral activation. Behavior Modification, 44(2), 186–213.
22 Ibid.
23 Carl, H., Walsh, E., Eisenlohr-Moul, T., Minkel, J., Crowther, A., Moore, T., . . . & Smoski, M. J. (2016). Sustained anterior cingulate cortex activation during reward processing predicts response to psychotherapy in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 204–12.
24 Dolcos, F., Katsumi, Y., Moore, M., Berggren, N., de Gelder, B., Derakshan, N., . . . & Dolcos, S. (2020). Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions: From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 108, 559–601.
25 Peng, P., & Miller, A. C. (2016). Does attention training work? A selective meta-analysis to explore the effects of attention training and moderators. Learning and Individual Differences, 45, 77–87.
26 Chen, A. J. W., Novakovic-Agopian, T., Nycum, T. J., Song, S., Turner, G. R., Hills, N. K., . . . & D’Esposito, M. (2011). Training of goal-directed attention regulation enhances control over neural processing for individuals with brain injury. Brain, 134(5), 1541–54.
27 Ruimi, L., Hendren, R. A., Amir, I., Zvielli, A., & Bernstein, A. (2020). Training meta-awareness to modify attentional dyscontrol. Mindfulness, 11, 785–99.
28 Azriel, O., Arad, G., Pine, D. S., Lazarov, A., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2024). Attention bias vs. attention control modification for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 101, 102800.
29 Farb, N. A., Segal, Z. V., & Anderson, A. K. (2013). Mindfulness meditation training alters cortical representations of interoceptive attention. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(1), 15–26.
Chapter 5: Feeling yourself better
1 Greenwood, B. M., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2024). Interoceptive Mechanisms and Emotional Processing. Annual Review of Psychology, 76.
2 Pinna, T., & Edwards, D. J. (2020). A systematic review of associations between interoception, vagal tone, and emotional regulation: Potential applications for mental health, wellbeing, psychological flexibility, and chronic conditions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1792.
3 Kanbara, K., & Fukunaga, M. (2016). Links among emotional awareness, somatic awareness and autonomic homeostatic processing. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 10(1), 16.
4 Gnall, K. E., Sinnott, S. M., Laumann, L. E., Park, C. L., David, A., & Emrich, M. (2024). Changes in interoception in mind–body therapies for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1–15.
5 Farb, N. A., Segal, Z. V., & Anderson, A. K. (2013). Mindfulness meditation training alters cortical representations of interoceptive attention. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(1), 15–26.
6 Locatelli, G., Matus, A., James, R., Salmoirago-Blotcher, E., Ausili, D., Vellone, E., & Riegel, B. (2023). What is the role of interoception in the symptom experience of people with a chronic condition? A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 148, 105142.
7 Nummenmaa, L., Glerean, E., Hari, R., & Hietanen, J. K., Bodily Maps of Emotions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 111, no. 2, pp. 646–651, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1321664111.
8 Naragon-Gainey, K., McMahon, T. P., & Chacko, T. P. (2017). The structure of common emotion regulation strategies: A meta-analytic examination. Psychological Bulletin, 143(4), 384.
9 Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775.
10 Willcox, G. (1982). The feeling wheel: A tool for expanding awareness of emotions and increasing spontaneity and intimacy. Transactional Analysis Journal, 12(4), 274–6.
11 Torre, J. B., & Lieberman, M. D. (2018). Putting feelings into words: Affect labeling as implicit emotion regulation. Emotion Review, 10(2), 116–24.
12 Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775.
13 Messina, I., Sambin, M., Beschoner, P., & Viviani, R. (2016). Changing views of emotion regulation and neurobiological models of the mechanism of action of psychotherapy. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 16(4), 571–587.
14 Schwartz, R. C. (2013). Moving from acceptance toward transformation with internal family systems therapy (IFS). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(8), 805–16.
15 Charles, R. L., & Nixon, J. (2019). Measuring mental workload using physiological measures: A systematic review. Applied Ergonomics, 74, 221–32.
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17 Kim, J. J., Cunnington, R., & Kirby, J. N. (2020). The neurophysiological basis of compassion: An fMRI meta-analysis of compassion and its related neural processes. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 108, 112–23.
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22 Wang, Y., Tian, J., & Yang, Q. (2024). Experiential avoidance process model: a review of the mechanism for the generation and maintenance of avoidance behavior. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 34(2), 179.
23 De Castella, K., Platow, M. J., Tamir, M., & Gross, J. J. (2018). Beliefs about emotion: Implications for avoidance-based emotion regulation and psychological health. Cognition and Emotion, 32(4), 773-795.
24 Baikie, K. A., & Wilhelm, K. (2005). Emotional and physical health benefits of expressive writing. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11(5), 338–46.
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Chapter 6: Thinking yourself better or thinking yourself sick?
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53 Burke, A., Shanahan, C., & Herlambang, E. (2014). An exploratory study comparing goal-oriented mental imagery with daily to-do lists: Supporting college student success, Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 20–34, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s12144-013-9193-2.
54 Dreisoerner, A., Junker, N. M., & Van Dick, R. (2021). The relationship among the components of self-compassion: A pilot study using a compassionate writing intervention to enhance self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22, 21–47.
55 Rajamani, K. T., Wagner, S., Grinevich, V., & Harony-Nicolas, H. (2018). Oxytocin as a modulator of synaptic plasticity: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience, 10, 17.
Chapter 7: It’s not all on you
1 Gilbert, P. (2024). Threat, safety, safeness and social safeness 30 years on: Fundamental dimensions and distinctions for mental health and well‐being. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(3), 453–471.
2 Ibid.
3 Eisenberger, N. I., Moieni, M., Inagaki, T. K., Muscatell, K. A., & Irwin, M. R. (2017). In sickness and in health: the co-regulation of inflammation and social behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(1), 242–53.
4 Slavich, G. M. (2020). Social safety theory: a biologically based evolutionary perspective on life stress, health, and behavior. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16(1), 265–95.
5 Eisenberger, N. I., Moieni, M., Inagaki, T. K., Muscatell, K. A., & Irwin, M. R. (2017). In sickness and in health: the co-regulation of inflammation and social behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(1), 242–53.
6 Prochazkova, E., & Kret, M. E. (2017). Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 99–114.
7 Lamm, C., Decety, J., & Singer, T. (2011). Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage, 54(3), 2492–502.
8 Allen, K. A., Kern, M. L., Rozek, C. S., McInerney, D. M., & Slavich, G. M. (2021). Belonging: A review of conceptual issues, an integrative framework, and directions for future research. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 87–102.
9 Huisman, E. R., Morales, E., Van Hoof, J., & Kort, H. S. (2012). Healing environment: A review of the impact of physical environmental factors on users. Building and environment, 58, 70–80.
10 Ibid.
11 Johnstone, L., & Boyle, M. (2018). The power threat meaning framework: An alternative nondiagnostic conceptual system. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 0022167818793289
12 French, D., & Vigne, S. (2019). The causes and consequences of household financial strain: A systematic review. International Review of Financial Analysis, 62, 150–6.
13 Slavich, G. M., Roos, L. G., Mengelkoch, S., Webb, C. A., Shattuck, E. C., Moriarity, D. P., & Alley, J. C. (2023). Social Safety Theory: Conceptual foundation, underlying mechanisms, and future directions. Health Psychology Review, 17(1), 5–59.
14 Donnelly, K. (2024). Patient-centered or population-centered? How epistemic discrepancies cause harm and sow mistrust. Social Science & Medicine, 341, 116552.
15 Riedl, R., & Javor, A. (2012). The biology of trust: integrating evidence from genetics, endocrinology, and functional brain imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 5(2), 63.
16 Eisenberger, N. I. (2012). The pain of social disconnection: examining the shared neural underpinnings of physical and social pain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(6), 421-434.
17 Ryan, F. (2025). Who Wants Normal? The Disabled Girls’ Guide to Life. Penguin Books.
18 Diomidous, M., Chardalias, K., Magita, A., Koutonias, P., Panagiotopoulou, P., & Mantas, J. (2016). Social and psychological effects of the internet use. Acta Informatica Medica, 24(1), 66.
19 Kannan, L., & Kumar, T. P. (2022). Social media – the emotional and mental roller-coaster of Gen Z: an empirical study. Managing Disruptions in Business: Causes, Conflicts, and Control, 81–102.
20 Harris, M. J. (Ed.). (2009). Bullying, Rejection, & Peer Victimization: A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective. Springer Publishing Company.
21 Proctor, A. S., Barth, A., & Holt‐Lunstad, J. (2023). A healthy lifestyle is a social lifestyle: The vital link between social connection and health outcomes. Lifestyle Medicine, 4(4), e91.
22 Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018). Why social relationships are important for physical health: A systems approach to understanding and modifying risk and protection. Annual Review of Psychology, 69(1), 437–58
23 Holt-Lunstad, J. (2022). Social connection as a public health issue: the evidence and a systemic framework for prioritizing the ‘social’ in social determinants of health. Annual Review of Public Health, 43(1), 193–213.
24Women’s Health Strategy for England (2022). Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/womens-health-strategy-for-england/womens-health-strategy-for-england#ministerial-foreword
25 Cumberlege, J. (2020). First do no harm: the report of the Independent Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Review.
26 Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Merz, N. B., Barnes, P. J., Brinton, R. D., Carrero, J. J., DeMeo, D. L., . . . & Suzuki, A. (2020). Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine. The Lancet, 396(10250), 565–82.
27 Hoffmann, D. E., & Tarzian, A. J. (2001). The girl who cried pain: a bias against women in the treatment of pain. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 29(1), 13–27.
28 Cleghorn, E. (2022). Unwell women: Misdiagnosis and myth in a man-made world. Penguin Books.
29 Joshi, S. A., Aupperle, R. L., & Khalsa, S. S. (2023). Interoception in fear learning and posttraumatic stress disorder. Focus, 21(3), 266–77.
30 Greenwood, B. M., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2024). Interoceptive Mechanisms and Emotional Processing. Annual Review of Psychology, 76.
31 Golec de Zavala, A., & Keenan, O. (2024). Gender and national collective narcissism: Gender asymmetries and obstacles to gender equality. Sex Roles, 90(4), 565–86.
32 Windgassen, S. S., Sutherland, S., Finn, M. T., Bonnet, K. R., Schlundt, D. G., Reynolds, W. S., . . . & McKernan, L. C. (2022). Gender differences in the experience of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Frontiers in Pain Research,3, 954967.
33 O’Neil, J. M. (2008). Summarizing 25 years of research on men’s gender role conflict using the Gender Role Conflict Scale: New research paradigms and clinical implications. The Counseling Psychologist, 36(3), 358–445.
34 ‘Mental Health Act Statistics, Annual Figures 2019-20’, NHS England Digital. Accessed: Feb. 19, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-act-statistics-annual-figures/2019-20-annual-figures
35 Sagar-Ouriaghli, I., Godfrey, E., Bridge, L., Meade, L., & Brown, J. S. (2019). Improving mental health service utilization among men: a systematic review and synthesis of behavior change techniques within interventions targeting help-seeking. American Journal of Men’s Health, 13(3), 1557988319857009.
36 Reilly, E. D., Rochlen, A. B., & Awad, G. H. (2014). Men’s self-compassion and self-esteem: the moderating roles of shame and masculine norm adherence. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15(1), 22.
37 Rochelle, T. L., Yeung, D. K., Bond, M. H., & Li, L. M. W. (2015). Predictors of the gender gap in life expectancy across 54 nations. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 20(2), 129–38.
38 Croft, A., Atkinson, C., & May, A. M. (2021). Promoting gender equality by supporting men’s emotional flexibility. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(1), 42–9.
39 ‘Men and mental health’. Accessed: Feb. 19, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/a-z-topics/men-and-mental-health
40 Kirkinis, K., Pieterse, A. L., Martin, C., Agiliga, A., & Brownell, A. (2021). Racism, racial discrimination, and trauma: A systematic review of the social science literature. Ethnicity & Health, 26(3), 392–412.
41 Pieterse, A. L., Johnson, V., & Carter, R. T. (2024). The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and race-based traumatic stress. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 16(2), 208.
42 Miller, H. N., LaFave, S., Marineau, L., Stephens, J., & Thorpe Jr, R. J. (2021). The impact of discrimination on allostatic load in adults: an integrative review of literature. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 146, 110434.
43 Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., . . . & Gee, G. (2015). Racism as a determinant of health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One, 10(9), e0138511.
44 Knight, M., Bunch, K., Tuffnell, D., Jayakody, H., Shakespeare, J., Kotnis, R., . . . & Kurinczuk, J. (2018). Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care – Lessons learnt to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2014–16.
45 Ayorinde, A., Esan, O. B., Buabeng, R., Taylor, B., & Salway, S. (2023). Ethnic inequities in maternal health. BMJ, 381.
46 North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2015). Modern attitudes toward older adults in the aging world: a cross-cultural meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 993.
47 de Gobbi Porto, F. H., Fox, A. M., Tusch, E. S., Sorond, F., Mohammed, A. H., & Daffner, K. R. (2015). In vivo evidence for neuroplasticity in older adults. Brain Research Bulletin, 114, 56–61.
48 El-Sayes, J., Harasym, D., Turco, C. V., Locke, M. B., & Nelson, A. J. (2019). Exercise-induced neuroplasticity: a mechanistic model and prospects for promoting plasticity. The Neuroscientist, 25(1), 65–85.
49 de Sousa Fernandes, M. S., Ordônio, T. F., Santos, G. C. J., Santos, L. E. R., Calazans, C. T., Gomes, D. A., & Santos, T. M. (2020). Effects of physical exercise on neuroplasticity and brain function: a systematic review in human and animal studies. Neural Plasticity, 2020(1), 8856621.
50 Ji, L., Steffens, D. C., & Wang, L. (2021). Effects of physical exercise on the aging brain across imaging modalities: A meta‐analysis of neuroimaging studies in randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 36(8), 1148–57.
51 Chao, Y. P., Wu, C. W., Lin, L. J., Lai, C. H., Wu, H. Y., Hsu, A. L., & Chen, C. N. (2020). Cognitive load of exercise influences cognition and neuroplasticity of healthy elderly: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 40, 391–9.
52 Mahony, C., & O’Ryan, C. (2022). A molecular framework for autistic experiences: Mitochondrial allostatic load as a mediator between autism and psychopathology. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 985713.
53 Beck, J. S., Lundwall, R. A., Gabrielsen, T., Cox, J. C., & South, M. (2020). Looking good but feeling bad: ‘Camouflaging’ behaviors and mental health in women with autistic traits. Autism, 24(4), 809–21.
54 Geiss, L., Stemmler, M., Beck, B., Hillemacher, T., Widder, M., & Hösl, K. M. (2023). Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A systematic review. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 28(4), 285–306.
55 Petrolini, V., Jorba, M., & Vicente, A. (2023). What does it take to be rigid? Reflections on the notion of rigidity in autism. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1072362.
56 Kacperczyk, J., Czyż, W., Wójcikiewicz, M., Arczewski, F., Dziedzic, K., Kulbacka, J., . . . & Ryniecka, J. (2025). Does it take the joints to stretch a mind? The ADHD and General Joint Hypermobility connection. Quality in Sport, 37, 57296.
57 Donaghy, B., Moore, D., & Green, J. (2023). Co-occurring physical health challenges in neurodivergent children and young people: A topical review and recommendation. Child Care in Practice, 29(1), 3–21.
58 Croen, L. A., Zerbo, O., Qian, Y., Massolo, M. L., Rich, S., Sidney, S., & Kripke, C. (2015). The health status of adults on the autism spectrum. Autism, 19(7), 814–23.
59 Speed, B. C., Goldstein, B. L., & Goldfried, M. R. (2018). Assertiveness training: A forgotten evidence‐based treatment. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 25(1), 20.
60 Sibelli, A., Chalder, T., Everitt, H., Workman, P., Bishop, F. L., & Moss‐Morris, R. (2017). The role of high expectations of self and social desirability in emotional processing in individuals with irritable bowel syndrome: A qualitative study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 22(4), 737–62.
61 Proctor, A. S., Barth, A., & Holt‐Lunstad, J. (2023). A healthy lifestyle is a social lifestyle: The vital link between social connection and health outcomes. Lifestyle Medicine, 4(4), e91.
62 Holt-Lunstad, J. (2018). Why social relationships are important for physical health: A systems approach to understanding and modifying risk and protection. Annual Review of Psychology, 69(1), 437–58
63 Holt-Lunstad, J. (2022). Social connection as a public health issue: the evidence and a systemic framework for prioritizing the “social” in social determinants of health. Annual Review of Public Health, 43(1), 193–213.
64 Gilbert, P. (2024). Threat, safety, safeness and social safeness 30 years on: Fundamental dimensions and distinctions for mental health and well‐being. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(3), 453-471.
65 Dumas, G., Nadel, J., Soussignan, R., Martinerie, J., & Garnero, L. (2010). Inter-brain synchronization during social interaction. PLOS One, 5(8), e12166.
66 Han, X., & Ma, Y. (2024). Oxytocin in Human Social Network Cooperation. The Neuroscientist, 10738584241293366.
67 Azriel, O., Arad, G., Pine, D. S., Lazarov, A., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2024). Attention bias vs. attention control modification for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 101, 102800.
68 Porges, S. W. (2022). Polyvagal theory: A science of safety. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 16, 871227.
69 Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Rawlings, N. B., Ricard, M., & Davidson, R. J. (2004). Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(46), 16369–73.
70 Hofmeyer, A., Kennedy, K., & Taylor, R. (2020). Contesting the term ‘compassion fatigue’: Integrating findings from social neuroscience and self-care research. Collegian, 27(2), 232–7.
71 Ibid.
72 Yeung, J. W., Zhang, Z., & Kim, T. Y. (2018). Volunteering and health benefits in general adults: cumulative effects and forms. BMC Public Health, 18, 1–8.
73 APA Dictionary of Psychology: Accessed: Feb. 20, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://dictionary.apa.org/self-transcendence
74 Kalashnikova, O., Leontiev, D., Rasskazova, E., & Taranenko, O. (2022). Meaning of life as a resource for coping with psychological crisis: Comparisons of suicidal and non-suicidal patients. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 957782.
75 Wong, P. T., Arslan, G., Bowers, V. L., Peacock, E. J., Kjell, O. N. E., Ivtzan, I., & Lomas, T. (2021). Self-transcendence as a buffer against COVID-19 suffering: the development and validation of the self-transcendence measure-B. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 648549.
76 Roos, C. A., Postmes, T., & Koudenburg, N. (2023). Feeling heard: Operationalizing a key concept for social relations. PLOS One, 18(11), e0292865.
77 Allen, K. A., Kern, M. L., Rozek, C. S., McInerney, D. M., & Slavich, G. M. (2021). Belonging: A review of conceptual issues, an integrative framework, and directions for future research. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 87-102.
78 Proctor, A. S., Barth, A., & Holt‐Lunstad, J. (2023). A healthy lifestyle is a social lifestyle: The vital link between social connection and health outcomes. Lifestyle Medicine, 4(4), e91.
Chapter 8: Updating your beliefs
1 Leventhal, H., Diefenbach, M., & Leventhal, E. A. (1992). Illness cognition: Using common sense to understand treatment adherence and affect cognition interactions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 143–63.
2 Becker, M. H. (1974). The health belief model and sick role behavior. Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 409–19.
3 Angelucci, P. (1995). Cultural diversity: Health belief systems. Nursing Management, 26(8), 72.
4 Hagger, M. S., & Orbell, S. (2022). The common sense model of illness self-regulation: a conceptual review and proposed extended model. Health Psychology Review, 16(3), 347–77.
5 Donnelly, K., Patient-centered or population-centered? How epistemic discrepancies cause harm and sow mistrust, Social Science & Medicine, vol. 341, p. 116552, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116552.
6 Petrie, K. J., Jago, L. A., & Devcich, D. A. (2007). The role of illness perceptions in patients with medical conditions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20(2), 163–7.
7 Sawyer, A. T., Harris, S. L., & Koenig, H. G. (2019). Illness perception and high readmission health outcomes. Health Psychology Open, 6(1), 2055102919844504.
8 Porges, S. W. (2022). Polyvagal theory: A science of safety. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 16, 871227.
9 Gilbert, P. (2024). Threat, safety, safeness and social safeness 30 years on: Fundamental dimensions and distinctions for mental health and well‐being. British journal of clinical psychology, 63(3), 453–471.
10 Southgate, V., & Vernetti, A. (2014). Belief-based action prediction in preverbal infants. Cognition, 130(1), 1–10.
11 Alderson-Day, B., & Fernyhough, C. (2015). Inner speech: development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 931.
12 Altmann, B., Fleischer, K., Tse, J., & Haslam, N. (2024). Effects of diagnostic labels on perceptions of marginal cases of mental ill-health. PLOS Mental Health, 1(3), e0000096.
13 Xu, L., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2019). Oxytocin facilitates social learning by promoting conformity to trusted individuals. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 56.
14 Rajamani, K. T., Wagner, S., Grinevich, V., and Harony-Nicolas, H., Oxytocin as a Modulator of Synaptic Plasticity: Implications for Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front. Synaptic Neurosci., vol. 10, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00017.
15 Lachman, M. E., Neupert, S. D., & Agrigoroaei, S. (2011). The relevance of control beliefs for health and aging. In Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (pp. 175–90). Academic Press.
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17 Denz-Penhey, H., & Murdoch, C. (2008). Personal resiliency: Serious diagnosis and prognosis with unexpected quality outcomes. Qualitative Health Research, 18(3), 391–404.
18 Galin, S., Heruti, I., Barak, N., & Gotkine, M. (2018). Hope and self-efficacy are associated with better satisfaction with life in people with ALS. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 19(7-8), 611–18.
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20 Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 481–96.
Chapter 9: A beautiful work in progress
1 Oris, L., Luyckx, K., Rassart, J., Goubert, L., Goossens, E., Apers, S., . . . & Moons, P. (2018). Illness identity in adults with a chronic illness. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 25, 429–40.
2 Shneider, C. E., Robbertz, A. S., & Cohen, L. L. (2024). A systematic review of relationships between illness identity and health-related outcomes in individuals with chronic illnesses. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 31(1), 130–42.
3 Moos, R. H., and Schaefer, J. A., Life Transitions and Crises, in Coping with Life Crises: An Integrated Approach, R. H. Moos, Ed., Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986, pp. 3–28.
4 Veage, S., Ciarrochi, J., Deane, F. P., Andresen, R., Oades, L. G., & Crowe, T. P. (2014). Value congruence, importance and success and in the workplace: Links with wellbeing and burnout amongst mental health practitioners. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3(4), 258–64.
5 Martela, F., Laitinen, E., & Hakulinen, C. (2024). Which predicts longevity better: Satisfaction with life or purpose in life?. Psychology and Aging.
6 Sutin, A. R., Stephan, Y., Luchetti, M., & Terracciano, A. (2023). Purpose in life and markers of immunity and inflammation: Testing pathways of episodic memory. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 174, 111487.
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11 Henson, C., Truchot, D., & Canevello, A. (2021). What promotes post traumatic growth? A systematic review. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(4), 100195.
It's All In Your Body
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